Chapter 4 - The World of Atoms
The discrete colors of light
What seems like black and white drabness,
can reveal hidden beauty sublime;
one needs only to look at it deeply,
and see it one part at a time.
I. Dispersion
Refraction and reflection
Snell's law & Fermat's principle
Refraction through objects
Prism dispersion
Total internal reflection
Applications in nature
Dispersion in nature
Dispersion by spheres
Parhelia
Sun dog, Fargo
Sun dog
Upside down
Red sunsets & the green flash
Diffraction gratings
II. Radiation from a Heated Solid or Plasma
Stefan-Boltzmann law & Wien Displacement
Applet
Optical pyrometer
Ear thermometers
Residue from the Big Bang
Historic rôle in Quantum Theory
Intensity vs wavelength & temperature
Rayleigh-Jeans, Wien, & Planck
Planck: right mathematics, wrong picture
Conceptual solution
Planck's approach
Discrete sums
Euclid's theorem
Al-jebr
Einstein formulation
Planck's doubts
Einstein's 1917 paper
Physics Today article
Applications
Power from the Sun
Radiation from the Earth
Svante
Arrhenius
A solar collector
2.7 degree
BBrad
Dave
Wilkinson
Alpher, Bethe & Gamow
Big Bang microwave residue
Lagrange points (ppt)
WMAP
Lagrange points (gif)
Animation (mpg)
SOHO
Details
Physiological color
Continuous, line, & absorption spectra
"Primary" colors
Minimizing confusion
Color confusion
III. Light from a heated gas
Wave packets of
high Rydberg states
Animation
Whole number of heartbeats per cycle
Newton's "Phænomena of colour"
Newton's experiments
Take apart and
put together again
The circular hole misfortune, Wollaston, Fraunhofer
Nanoparticles instead of chemical dyes
History: Atomic light sources
Emission and absorption spectra
Radiative jumps
Solar spectrum
First observations of dispersed light
Melvill's 1752 paper: cf 243 (+13 bottom)
Melvill
Wollaston
Kirchhoff & Bunsen
Stellar absorption spectra
Comte
Comte bio
Measurement of Kirchhoff & Bunsen
Bunsen & Mendeleev
History of astronomical spectroscopy
Anders Jonas Ångström
The 99.987 cm meterstick
Spectra
of various neutral atoms
IV. Atomic Structure
Rydberg atoms
Balmer's formula for hydrogen
Johann Jacob
Balmer
Data for H in
the visible
Balmer's formula
Balmer's plot of Ångström's data?
Integer ratios
Balmer's plot revisited
Figure
Rydberg's formula for complex atoms
Extensions by Rydberg and Ritz
Rydberg's seminar
Rydberg sketch
"Janne Rydberg, his life and work" (Bio.)
Laporte's Rule
The various Balmer series
Grotrian
diagram of hydrogen
Filled inner shells
Parity conservation
Wave functions as shoes and socks
Otto Laporte
Photo
Grotrian
example
"Forbidden" transitions
Handedness in Nature
Whelks
Alice through the looking glass
Chirality and stereochemistry
The Weak
Interaction acts predominently on left-handed particles
Chien-Shiung Wu
The art of classical spectroscopy
Percy Risberg's plates, 1956
Na I system
Measured wavelengths
Closing the loop
Complex atoms & the hydrogen template
Filled inner shells
Grotrian
diagrams of hydrogen, lithium, sodium
Quantum defect values
Yr, yrare, yrast
Quantum
defect & ionization energy
Small corrections with reciprocal powers of
r
Connection with quantum defect
Binomial series
for a small correction
Kepler's laws
Tycho Brahe & Johannes Kepler
Kepler animation
Constancy
of mechanical ACTION
Kepler's 3 laws
Dwell time formulation
Kepler in probabilities
Conservation laws give dwell time
Classical dwell time probabilities
Gravitational s-state: Halley dwell time
Perturbations as powers of r
Rydberg atom with power law corrections
Exact general expression
Integral for avg values
Formula for avg powers of r
More extensively
Fully quantum mechanical
Quantization
Semiclassical quantization
Sommerfeld and Caustics
EBK quantization
Quantization of action
Latitudinal turning points
NOTE: QUIZ MONDAY 26 OCTOBER 2009
Review
Classical dwell time
EBK quantization
Dwell time with action beads
Orbital addresses & road maps
The speed of darkness
Quantum numbers
Hydrogen stationary states
Hydrogen addresses in mutlielectron atoms
EBK orbits, n=1,2,3
EBK orbits, n=4
Radial dwell times
Ψ2(1s), Ψ2(2s),
Ψ2(2p)
Ψ2(3s), Ψ2(3p),
Ψ2(3d)
Ψ2(n=40, l=20)
Spatial dwell times
L shell
n=1-3 shells & subshells
Molecular orbitals
Chemistry notes
pp and sp bonding
Water, ammonia and methane
sp hybrids
Caltrops
continued
Greenhouse tetrahedrons
Central angle of a tetrahedron
Lee
Self-symmetry of atoms & galaxies?
Morphologies
Eta Carina
More morphologies
High res
Crash
Yet another morphology
Denomination
V. Quantum defect formulation
Energies of photons emitted
Balmer, Rydberg, Ritz
Grotrian diagrams
Parametization
Core penetration
Core polarization
Locking in the moon
Rydberg series - same l, increasing
n
Penetration n-dependence
Polarization n-dependence
dt shift
Predicted slopes
Reducing measurements to mapping parameters
Mapping for Na np
Quantum defect plot
Smooth and extrapolate
Quantum defect on both sides?
Search for ionization limit
Application to Mg+ and Ca+
Ritz expansions
Parametization
Polarization & penetration
Quantum defect as fctn of n for various
l
Screening doublets & high Rydberg levels
Penetration & polarization
Orbits in nd Rydberg series
Non-penetrating high Rydberg states & the polarization model
Low-lying low l Rydberg series
High n, l yrast & yrare levels
Stark quenching
Fast-ion beam methods
Vacuum
Laboratory facility
Multiplexed spectrum
Subtracting off the hydrogen part
Powers of r
Polarizabilities from intercept & slope
Ed Chang
Calculations
Solar chromosphere
f-values
Polarizabilities & lifetimes
Cancellation
RESIS
Invert the
process
Erica
Chapter 5
Quotes
Einstein on
light
Feynman & nanotechnology
Feynman on light
VI. Buildup of the periodic table
Ca+ Grotrian
diagram
Expanded
The Pauli exclusion principle
Not a force
Periodic table
Subshell-filling periods
Penetration of s orbitals
Inert gases, alkali metals, ferromagnets
Magnetism on the halfshell
Fermi exclusion and Bose condensation
Rare earth phosphors, permanent magnets,etc.
Rare earth
permanent magnets
Ytterby and
phosphors
Mendeleev
Summary
VII. Semiconductor devices
s and p distributions
sp hybridization
s2p2 bonds
Extrinsic semiconductors
Enter Hyperphysics (click: Condensed Matter; Solid State Electronics
Doped silicon (click P amd N type Materials)
Junction Diodes (click P-N Junction, forward/reverse bias)
Junction transistor (click transistors)
The junction diode