Chapter 5 - The World of Atoms
The classification of the stars


  • Personal
  • REU Report, Nicholas Reshetnikov
  • Archival Publication,Reshetnikov et al

    • I. Stellar Classifications

    The puzzle

  • Twinkle?
  • Early Hindu model of the Universe
  • Hipparchus
  • Ptolemy's Almagest
  • The Library of Alexandria
  • Hypatia

  • Measurement of Kirchhoff & Bunsen
  • August Comte on stellar composition
  • Fr. Angelo Secchi
  • The Vatican observatory
  • The grand fact
  • Hipparchus to Secchi
  • Stellar classifications
  • The atmospheric windows
  • The cast of characters

    • The heros

  • Interesting fact
  • Matthew Brady's Civil War photos
  • Long exposure astronomical photography
  • Caroline Herschel
  • John Herschel
  • Annie Russell Maunder
  • E. C. Pickering
  • Henrietta Swan Leavitt

  • Harlow Shapley
  • Picture - p.124
  • Edwin Hubble
  • Walter Baade

    The solution

  • Spectra of the star types
  • Hydrogen Grotrian diagram
  • Inert gas structure
  • Sodium Grotrian diagram

  • The Ladies of Observatory Hill
  • Harvard group photo
  • Annie Cannon & Cecilia Payne

  • Temperature range
  • Fermi-Dirac population distribution
  • Balmer line absorption
  • Ca+ Grotrian diagram
  • Fraunhofer line absorption
  • Intra shell dominates from f-sum rule
  • Studies of Hydrogen and the H-K lines

  • Relationship to temperature
  • Cosmic abundances

  • Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
  • Characteristic regions
  • Mass relationship
  • Path of stellar evolution

    Eddington and Russell

  • Sir Arthur Eddington
  • Thumbnail sketch
  • Anecdotes

  • Russell's story
  • The truth
  • Henry Norris Russell & Lyman Spitzer
  • Lyman Spitzer
  • Iron?

    Bias and Censorship

  • Galileo
  • James Hansen
  • On the other side
  • Crichton
  • Provenance

  • Textbook summary

    • II. The Solar Corona

    The nature and history of the corona

  • Eclipse photo
  • Per chance the same solid angle just now?
  • Solar corona before 1930: the "element"coronium

    New elements on the sun?

  • Helium

  • Viewed from the Lagrange point
  • UV CDS on SOHO
  • Highly ionized atoms
  • Coronium and Edlén
  • Grotrian

    Creating an artificial eclipse

  • Lyot solar camera
  • Coronagraph spectrum

    Bengt Edlén

  • Bengt Edlén and King Gustaf VI Adolf, 1951
  • Why Edlén abandoned his thesis work
  • Green earth?
  • Gröna jorden?

    Ground configuration fine structures

  • Ground configurations
  • Fine structures
  • M1 transitions
  • Ground state fine structures
  • Hydrogenlike splitting
  • Screening parametrization
  • Isoelectronic sequence
  • M1 decay rates
  • Identified lines

    Consequences

  • Temperature broadening
  • Solar temperatures
  • Why is the Corona so hot?

  • Highly ionized lab spectra
  • HZE particles in space
  • Semiempirical studies of atomic structure
  • U 90+

  • Textbook summary

    III. Nebulium

  • Nebulium and the O III ground configuration

    Chapter 6



















    Black holes

  • John Michell's prediction of the black hole
  • Laplace's prediction of the black hole
  • When was the Big Bang?
  • Ultimate limits: the Planck Length

    General Relativity

  • The Triplets of Belleville
  • continued
  • Various answers

    Geometry

  • Wente torii
  • E = mc2 proven?
  • Misleading article
  • The black swan problem

    Self-consistent fields for complex atoms

  • Superimpose dwell time patterns in a complex atom
  • Compare QM with classical