Chapter 14
Experimental Methods

Note: Academic Geneology

Transition Probability Rates and Oscillator Strengths

Oscillator strength measurements
Review Article (pdf file)
Relationships between emission and absorption
Quantities measured

Emission measurements

Comparison of methods
FTS vs grating spectroscopy
FTS

Branching fraction determinations

Leap-frogging and bow-ties
The bow-tie ratio
Six level bow-tie
Ten level bow-tie

Hook measurements

Complex formulation
Anomalous dispersion
Hook experimental setup
Hook spectrum
Predicted fringe pattern
Measured hook data

Lifetime measurements

Selective excitation: beam-laser methods

Laser measurements
Alkali resonance transitions
Precision measurements
Angular Doppler tuning
Doppler tuning/ moving monochromator
Crossed beam tunable
Collinear, velocity switched
Collinear, velocity ramped
Rapid Doppler switching
Sample decay curve
Ca II decay curve
Measurement trials
Results
Alkali lifetimes
Beam-foil-laser method

Fast ion beam spectroscopy

Beam-foil decay in flight
Bfs advantages and disadvantages
Velocity/lifetime accessibility
THIA facility
THIA
Spectrometer refocussing
Lifetime/wavelength accessibility
Velocity and line broadening
Source density
Foils
Residual gas density
Wavelength spectrum
Time spectrum
Multiplexed PSD landscape

Multiply Excited States

Spin considerations
Doubly excited He states
O VI in Li sequence
Bunge calculation
[Field(+)-Field(-)]/Field(0)

Pulsed electron beam excitation

PEB experimental setup
Stern-Volmer equation
Extrapolation to zero pressure

Very long-lived ionic states

Microscopic analogue of the "Big Bang"
Coulomb explosion
Thermal distortions to decay curve
Coulomb distortions to decay curve
Computing escape from viewing volume

Thermal escape

Migration
Closed form expression
Detection efficiency

Coulomb escape

Charge distribution
Integration
Closed form expression
Detection efficiency

Two E1 Photon Decays

2s in hydrogen
Si(Li) detectors
Coincidence-gated energy vs energy plot
With prompt and random coincidence gating
Metastability

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Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14






Thermal escape
Geometry
Gaussian migration
Migration
Closed form expression
Formulation
Detection efficiency
Thermal distortions
Coulomb explosion
Geometry
Coulomb explosion
Charge distribution
Integration
Closed form expression
Formulation
Detection efficiency
Coulomb distortions
Asymptotic forms

Multiply Excited States

Spin considerations
Doubly excited He states
Li-like quartets and differential metastability
O VI in Li sequence
Li sequence quartets
Li sequence quartets II
F VII spectrum
Ne VIII quartets
Measured wavelengths
Comparison with theory
Measured data
Parametrized intervals
Least squares constraints
Coefficients
Isoelectronic plot
Comparison with theory
Displaced levels and the Al sequence
Level scheme
Data base
Relative to MCDF
Relative to GSFS
Sommerfeld fs
Radiative decay of a negative ion
Bunge calculation
Spectrum and charge state fraction
Corrections for position and dwell
Approximation formula
Minima and crossovers
[Field(+)-Field(-)]/Field(0)
Decay curve
Higher lying doubly excited cascades

ANL ATLAS Work

ATLAS homepage
ATLAS
Allowed and forbidden lines on a PSD landscape

Three Body Decays

Two body kinematics
2-body decays
Kinematics
Kinetic energy
Momentum
CM system
Transformation
Invariant mass
Three body kinematics and phase space
3-body decays
Simultaneous vs sequential
Phase space
Jacobian determinant
Partial derivatives
Transformed volume element
Dalitz plot
Sample graph
Constrained region
Two step momentum formulation
Momenta in 3 and 2 body CM
Formulation of integrand
3-body and 2-body CM systems
Factored integral
Effective mass
Dalitz exposition of particle data
Color Dalitz plots for proton-antiproton events
Phase space exposition of particle data
SU(3) example of isospin coupling
JP=(1/2)+ octet
JP=(3/2)+ decuplet
Four-Fermion interactions
Beta decay Dalitz plot

Two E1 Photon Decays

2s in hydrogen
Bound and continuum states
Overall factors
Angular distribution
Phase space plot
Two-photon He-like spectrum
Thinner and thicker foil
Singles decay curves
Si(Li) detectors
H- and He-like sum energies
Coincidence-gated energy vs energy plot
With prompt and random coincidence gating
Coincidence decay curves with energy sum discrimination
Metastability

Relativistic M1 decays

Hydrogenlike
M1 to 2E1 branching ratio in H-like 2S1/2
Spectral regions sampled
Detector calibration
Corrections and final results
Heliumlike
Hierarchies of relativistic corrections
Relativistic M1 for He-like 3S1 in Br
Cascade repopulation
Extension to Kr
Tabulations of results
Graphical display of experiment relative to theory
1S0 phase space
3S1 phase space

Two-photon M1-E1 decays

Grotrian diagram for He-like Uranium
Mixing angles for p2 and p4
Level splittings
Diagram
Electron adding sequences
Screening shifts
With differences



Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
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Absolute absorption measurements

SHO model
Cross section
Oscillator strength
Subcases
Material attenuation
Optically thin source
Line absorption
Self absorption and inversion
Line shape
Boltzmann distribution
Atomic furnace measurements
Absorption measurements
Hanle effect
Preferential excitation
Larmor precession
Effective FWHM
Limiting cases
Historic background of time resolved methods
PEB vs TOF
Becquerel
Phosphoroscope
Dunoyer
Cascades and blends