Chapter 10
Experimental Methods (201)

1. Transition Probability Rates and Oscillator Strengths (3/18/98)

Oscillator strength measurements
Review Article (pdf file)
Relationships between emission and absorption
Quantities measured
Absolute absorption measurements (3/20/98)
SHO model
Cross section
Oscillator strength
Subcases
Material attenuation
Optically thin source
Line absorption
Self absorption and inversion
Line shape
Boltzmann distribution
Atomic furnace measurements
Absorption measurements
Hook measurements (3/23/98)
Complex formulation
Anomalous dispersion
Hook experimental setup
Hook spectrum
Predicted fringe pattern
Measured hook data
Emission measurements (3/23/98)
Comparison of methods
FTS vs grating spectroscopy
Branching fraction determinations (3/23/98)
Leap-frogging and bow-ties
The bow-tie ratio
Six level bow-tie
Ten level bow-tie

2. Lifetime measurements (3/23/98)

Hanle effect (3/23/98)
Preferential excitation
Larmor precession
Effective FWHM
Limiting cases
Historic background of time resolved methods (3/25/98)
PEB vs TOF
Becquerel
Phosphoroscope
Dunoyer
Cascades and blends
Selective excitation: beam-laser methods (3/25/98, 3/27/98)
Laser measurements
Alkali resonance transitions
Precision measurements
Angular Doppler tuning
Doppler tuning/ moving monochromator
Crossed beam tunable
Collinear, velocity switched
Collinear, velocity ramped
Rapid Doppler switching
Sample decay curve
Ca II decay curve
Measurement trials
Results
Alkali lifetimes
Beam-foil-laser method
Fast ion beam spectroscopy (3/27/98, 3/30/98)
Beam-foil decay in flight
Bfs advantages and disadvantages
Velocity/lifetime accessibility
THIA facility
THIA
Spectrometer refocussing
Lifetime/wavelength accessibility
Velocity and line broadening
Source density
Foils
Residual gas density
Spectrum
PSD landscape

3. Historical Foundations of Exponential Decay (4/1/98)

Introduction
Ancient formulations (4/1/98)
Link to The Sand Reckoner
Link to Rhind papyrus picture
Link to Rhind papyrus description
Problem 79
Solution to 7's problem
Link to As I was going to St. Ives
Link to Euclid's formula
Application of Euclid's formula
Series, sum and difference
Louve cuneiform
Doubling time
Perceptive linearization of stimuli (4/1/98)
Link to Weber-Fechner law
Pythagorean harmony
Link to musical intervals
Link to Tycho's supernova
Biological growth (4/1/98)
Link to Malthus
Fibonacci series
Link to Fibonacci series
Phyllotaxis
Link to The Chambered Nautilus
The 17th century: Formulations (4/3/98)
Napiers' logarithms
Quadrature of the hyperbola
Conic cuts
Ellipse and hyperbola
Huygens' exponential
Huygens' damped gravitational fall
The 18th century: Applications (4/3/98)
Link to Newton's law of cooling
Bouguer's law
Link to Prony
The 19th century: Departures from a pure exponential (4/3/98)
Link to logistic curve
Blends
Cascades
Branching
Intermediate reactant
The 20th century: Radioactive decay (4/3/98)
Radioactive chain
Rutherford's escutcheon
Exponential growth (4/6/98)
The energy crisis
Energy supply estimates
Hubbert's candle
Link to Hubbert's peak
Link to Al Bartlett's page
Do particles decay or only pristinely disintegrate?
Outline I
Outline II
Outline III
Theoretical rigor; experimental tests
Aphorisms
Literary wisdom
Hypothesis testing
Parameter evaluation
Direct measurements of transition moment
Specific numerical computation
Models
Simulations
Fits
Results
Accelerator Mass Spectroscopy (AMS)
Experimental setup
Comparison of precision
Bristle cone pine; survivors
Suitable isotopes

4. Cascading (4/6/98)

Cascades and blends
Halflife of dice
Multisided coins
Supported decay
Cascade simulation
Diagrammatic mnemonic (4/6/98)
Population equation
Example
Iterate
Diagrams
Cascade order
Application
Single cascade
Indirect cascading
Two hump cascade
Cascade & primary with similar lifetime
Driven excitation (4/8/98)
Formulation
Parts integration
Iteration formulation
Impulsive, stepwise & rectangularly pulsed excitation
Gaussian excitation
Phase shift measurements (4/8/98)
Compared with pulsed excitation
Modulated excitation
Reduction of mnemonic
Uncascaded and single cascade
Cascade joint analysis
Blend and two direct cascades
Indirect cascade
General expression
Strength of cascading (4/10/98)
Integrated and differentiated
Criteria for heavy cascading
Replenishment ratio
R(0) from curve fits and intensity ratios
Window convolution
ANDC analysis (4/13/98)
Isoelectronic trends
Simulations for Na sequence
Simulations for Kr VIII
Simulations for Cu XIX
Si IV and P V on isoelectronic plot
Kr VIII Grotrian diagram
Relative lifetime trends
ANDC plot
ANDC Grotrian for 6p
Advantages of cascade analysis
ANDC Grotrian for 3s3p
ANDC Grotrian for Y III
Si IV decay curves
ANDC method
Multiexponential decay curve
ANDC Grotrian for 5p
ANDC plots for Kr VIII
Schematic
Advantage of heavy cascading
Comparisons of accuracies
Pulsed electron beam excitation (4/15/98)
PEB experimental setup
Stern-Volmer equation
Extrapolation to zero pressure
Escape from viewing volume
Thermal escape (4/15/98)
Geometry
Gaussian migration
Migration
Closed form expression
Formulation
Detection efficiency
Thermal distortions
Coulomb explosion (4/17/98)
Geometry
Coulomb explosion
Charge distribution
Integration
Closed form expression
Formulation
Detection efficiency
Coulomb distortions
Asymptotic forms

5. Multiply Excited States (4/17/98)

Spin considerations
Doubly excited He states
Li-like quartets and differential metastability
O VI in Li sequence
Li sequence quartets
Li sequence quartets II
F VII spectrum
Ne VIII quartets
Measured wavelengths
Comparison with theory
Measured data
Parametrized intervals
Least squares constraints
Coefficients
Isoelectronic plot
Comparison with theory
Displaced levels and the Al sequence (4/20/98)
Level scheme
Data base
Relative to MCDF
Relative to GSFS
Sommerfeld fs
Radiative decay of a negative ion (4/20/98)
Bunge calculation (4/20/98)
Spectrum and charge state fraction
Corrections for position and dwell
Approximation formula
Minima and crossovers
[Field(+)-Field(-)]/Field(0)
Decay curve
Higher lying doubly excited cascades

Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
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